Wild Fermentation

Not a baking book, per se, but one which I’ve found interesting and thought-provoking enough to want to see it included here, and to encourage you to look at and hopefully buy.

The chapters most immediately relevant to a baker are those on breads & pancakes, and on fermented grain “porridges”. In the former, the basic sourdough starter recipe suggests using potato or pasta cooking water and possibly some organic grapes or berries to kick start the process, and asks us to cover the open bowl with something porous like cheesecloth, and the following bread recipe encourages experimentation, with its use of leftover grains and a variety of liquids, including stock, beer or sour milk, and we are urged to allow as long as it takes for the dough to rise.

There are also recipes for an onion-caraway rye bread, an Afghan flatbread and the sprouted-grain Essene bread, amongst others, but the book is primarily a call for us to be more aware of the ubiquity of fermented foods in all their forms, and most of all, it is its author’s personal story of a love affair with fermentation and its perceived health benefits.

Given that you can’t spend an evening in front of the television in the UK without being bombarded with adverts extolling the benefits of “good” micro-organisms in commercially-available yoghurts, it’s perhaps surprising that “artisanal” fermentation is still in its infancy here; and surely any reaction against the bland flavours of processed foods should wholeheartedly embrace the stinky-zingy-tangy palate of fermented flavours, so many of which we could cultivate in our own homes.

I’d never assert that any one book contained all the answers, but at least this book isn’t afraid to ask us questions, about how we eat and how we react to now-unfamiliar food tastes and smells, which our ancestors would almost certainly have been familiar with. So much more than a bread book, this paperback will also guide you through fermenting vegetables and beans, dairy products and more; the section on “country” wines, made from fruits and vegetables, reminded me of the knockout potions my grandfather used to brew from his Buckinghamshire garden, drinks so strong that my Aunt Joan still calls them “idiot’s brew”.

This book clearly grew from the author confronting a health crisis in his own life, and from his need to acquire a new focus and meaning, and along the way he has clearly created a happy synthesis of where he came from, where he is now and where he is heading. It’s an unusual book, a kind book, and an affirming book. For anyone who ever looks inward, and contemplates their own place in the bigger scheme of things, it’s a rewarding book.

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Australia: Melbourne: The Green Grocer

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above, a rosemary-topped focaccia straight out of the oven and left to cool on the balcony, at The Green Grocer

On past trips to Melbourne, Dan’s been delighted to hold bread making classes and other events at The Green Grocer, an outstanding organic cafe, food and wine retailer and cookery school in North Fitzroy, in the heart of the ‘good bread belt’ – Dench Bakers, Loafer Bread and Natural Tucker are all just around the corner, and if you need some written inspiration, then Books for Cooks, that unequalled paragon amongst foodie bookstore, is just a short tram ride away. Even the Piedimonte’s supermarket on the corner sells a terrific pane di rosetta.

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dough for the Mill Loaf, resting at The Green Grocer

Classes at The Green Grocer have their own rhythm and charm, taking place in a fully-equipped kitchen above the cafe, the separate ‘wine room’ next door with its cool and breezy balcony overlooking the bustle of Scotchmer Street and St George’s Road providing a charming opportunity to unwind afterwards with a glass of wine or a bottle of organic Mountain Goat Steam Ale brewed just down the road in Richmond, and chat more informally with the class members.

More suited to a shorter evening class than an all-day event, Dan’s classes here have concentrated on dealing with and explaining some of the more complicated ideas from The Handmade Loaf and The Cook’s Book, along with basic techniques for baking good open-textured naturally fermented and yeasted breads at home. He’s talked about how Australian flours differ from those widely available in the UK, France or Italy, for example, and how best to use them to make outstandingly good bread, and one popular feature has been to lead the class through all the stages of making the Mill Loaf (from The Handmade Loaf), using 3 different flours (baker’s white, wholewheat and rye) from Four Leaf Milling in Tarlee, South Australia, and  an ‘overnight’ method where you make the dough the night before, stick it in the refrigerator, take it out the following day and bake it when it’s puffed up and lively.

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the baked Mill Loaves, left to cool out on the balcony at The Green Grocer

At these classes, Dan has also made the focaccia from The Cook’s Book. This is a good example of an impossibly sloppy, sticky dough that turns into something malleable and easy to shape, all due to the quantity of bubbles forming inside the dough – gently stretched and folded, until full of holes and ready to be shaped. The underlying concept is to mix and move the dough along, through the different stages, only when you can observe the changes that tell you it’s ready. Dough watching rather than clock watching, and realising that that you have much more time to do other things when you make bread this way. Finally, the loaves are baked using a baking stone in The Green Grocer’s large gas-fired ovens.

To compress the whole process into a single evening’s class, Dan presents doughs made at different times during the preceding day, so that the class can see all the stages from unmixed flour to fully-baked loaf, and then breads baked before the class are enjoyed with a glass of wine, so that once the class is finished, everyone can taste and talk about the end results.

It would be unfair to end this article without mentioning the cafe and shop at The Green Grocer once more. I’ve always found it a delightful and informal place to eat really good food, and would recommend you to visit their website and check out the Menu, which changes with the seasons, and the wine list. Brunch items such as eggs with sourdough toast, porridge with fruit, nuts and seeds, and fresh juices are served all day, along with a selection of salads and hot lunch dishes, or you can choose something from the bakery counter to enjoy with one of their organic fair trade coffees or range of more than a dozen types of tea and herbal infusion. The shop has the variety of organic fresh produce which the name might lead you to expect, along with ‘larder essentials’ (most of them made on the premises), convenient meat, cheese and dairy products, and their range of ‘slowfoodfast’ and freezer products, if you’re looking for a take-home meal.

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the Mill Loaf, make with Australian flour and baked in Melbourne

The Green Grocer
217 St George’s Road
Fitzroy North 3068 VIC
Telephone (03) 9489 1747

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Opening up the crumb

Combining techniques in the commercial bakery to create holes, lightness and a majestic slice

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above, the open texture of a ciabatta, from a dough kept wet with 72% water (assisted by 30% strong white flour combined with a softer flour)

Remember: baking is not a set of separate processes, but rather one single process defined by different stages. Thus, change any part and you will cause changes in every subsequent stage, from mixing to baking. Assess each of the ideas presented below, and work out what modifications are best for you.

Stretching the dough: gently tipping the dough on to either a flour dusted or oiled surface, light pressing out and stretching the dough into a rectangle, and finally giving it a ‘book fold’ before returning it to the bowl, then repeating this every hour or so during the bulk fermentation.

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above, even the gutsiest wholewheat loaves can display an open crumb texture

Increase the dough’s water content: with a more fluid dough, it is difficult to maintain a bold, round shape during proving and baking. Some sort of dough containment, such as a cloth-lined and flour dusted basket, or a flour dusted proving board may be needed (a heavy dredge of flour on a wooden board will hinder the spread as the dough proves). Too wet a dough, and it is a problem keeping the slashes clean and open. So for sheeted doughs and flat breads this is useful.

Use a sour leaven, or old dough addition: either in place of or in addition to commercial yeast. I often rely on the combination of a small percentage of commercial yeast (0.5%) and a sour starter (naturally fermented, and used at around 30% to flour weight), as it gives both speed (a bulk fermentation of 2 –3 hours @ 22C, depending on the strength of the gluten in the flour, and a final prove of 2 ½ – 3 hours, depending on the ambient bakery temperature. And yes, I would describe this as ‘yeasted’ bread.

Extend the fermentation with as little leavening as possible: often this requires some control of the temperature, as in a retarding cabinet. I find that if the temperature is kept at around 15C – 17C, this seems to allow tighter doughs to develop a more expansive texture when mixed with a sour or combination starter.pic

Use a pre-ferment: I don’t know whether to thank either my US or French colleagues for this one, and the method I use depends on the mixer type that I’m using. With a fork petrin, I mix the sour leavening with the flour, mix for 1 – 2 minutes, then leave in the bowl for 20 minutes. Next I’ll add any additional yeast (if I’m using it), mix for a further 5 minutes, then add the sea-salt mixed with a little water, and mix for a further 4 minutes. I add the leavening at the beginning here because I have found it difficult to mix the dough evenly in a petrin. However, after talking with baker friends, I’d suggest that with a twin-arm or a spiral, leave the leaven out, mix the flour and water, leave for 20 minutes, then add the leaven, any additional yeast, and after a few minutes, the salt.

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Crisp, golden, light, salty & oily

Making a Focaccia Genovese in a commercial bakery

(originally published in British Baker)

Foccacia has a home, in Italy, and a birthplace in the town of Genoa. That’s what Italians from Genoa tell me. But then as every man, woman and child of Italian extraction seems to have a slightly different take on their homeland’s culinary traditions, it is only right that there are many versions of the crisp oily Italian flat bread.

 

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above, the dimples and salt strewn terrain of a foccacia, taking on slightly green hue from the olive oil brushed on after baking

 

In the most general terms, a focaccia is a thin sheet of bread dough, probably made with Italian ‘00’ flour, dimpled with the impressions from the bakers fingertips, and washed with oil, salt and a little water before baking. There is a tradition of topping the sheets of dough with a simple herb, vegetable or cheese (rarely more than one), but purists deny these variations exist, and prefer the dough kept simple.

There are many recipes for the perfect focaccia, and many bakers who will insist there is only one. So we should look at the possible ingredients, and find the recipe that works best for your bakery. Below is a simple recipe I’m using at the moment, and following that, thoughts on the ingredients used.

The dough

1000g Italian 00 flour (100%)
325g sour starter (32.50%), made with 50% flour to 50% water
7.4g slow-activity yeast (Craftbake) (0.74%)
22.4g fine sea salt (2.24%)
25g dark dry malt (Edme) (2.50%)
50g extra virgin olive oil (5.00%)
50g refined pork lard (5.00%), optional
650g water at 10ºC (65.55%)

final dough temperature around 22ºC

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above, a cut section from the focaccia showing defined aeration and thin upper and lower crust

Mix on first speed for 3 minutes, then on second speed for 12 minutes (until very elastic and forms a fine membrane when stretched between the fingers). Tip into a tray brushed with a liberal amount of good olive oil (500g per 10kg of dough), cover with a plastic sheet, and leave at 22ºC – 25ºC for 2 hours, turning the dough every 45 minutes, and using more oil where necessary. Pin out into an oil brushed 4-sided tray, short prove to recover, dimpled with fingertips, brushed with oil/water/salt mixture if desired, sprinkle with extra flaked sea salt, and bake in a hot 230ºC deck, top heat 7–8, bottom heat 2-3, for 30+ minutes, until a good golden brown on top.

The ingredients and method

Firstly, the flour for any flat bread has slightly different requirements to that for a 400g round English loaf. We’re not looking for too much oven spring, perhaps more generous extensibility than strength in the available gluten, and above all we want tenderness rather than toughness. One popular recent characteristic, though perhaps not entirely traditional, is for the crumb to display a wild, open texture. New Zealand baker Peter Burge, formerly of the Exeter Street Bakery, London, created a dramatic open texture in the sheet Focaccia sold at their high street bakeries with strong flour and long fermentation. By cutting a traditional ‘00’ Italian flour with another stronger white flour, such as Dove’s Farm’s excellent Biobake Strong White Bakers Flour, a similar result can be achieved.

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above, cracked black peppercorns and cheese melts into the surface of the foccacia, cut here to show an open texture to the crumb

However, be careful in using very strong flours. Sometimes the flavour can be a little thin, and with strength comes a tough bite, so consider their use carefully and reduce the amount of strong flour in the mix until you achieve the result you require. Strong white flour added up to 30% of your total flour weight should suffice. My own preference lately is to use a single Italian flour with a slightly higher strong gluten content.

In this way you get a result made entirely with Italian flour (a selling point), together with a bite and texture that seems appropriate. There is a slight loss in crumb aeration, but the dough flavour is enhanced. Other flours can be used, if labelling with origin of ingredients is not a selling point or concern. A mixture of baguette flour (T55) or traditional baguette premix (such as Moul-bie’s Campaillette) and strong white flour, could be used and will given rather striking results, though might struggle to claim any authenticity.

But one of the key factors that affects crumb aeration is water content. Simply put, the more water the more holes. Firstly, remember that the available gluten in a flour is activated when water hydrates the strands of protein (gliadin and glutenin) which bind to form gluten, and their individual qualities of strength and elasticity will combine to give the final gluten its final characteristics. So different levels of gliadin and glutenin will result in different characteristics to the final available gluten. Make sense? Generally speaking, if a flour can hold a greater proportion of water, its ability to extend and hold carbon dioxide created by the yeast will be greater. And with it, the possibility of more holes in the final dough. How much water? If you’re using 100% Italian ‘00’, then probably not much more than 65%. If using a mixture of Italian and strong white, then up to 68%. If using a t55 and strong white up to 50%, then that can be increased to 70+%.

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above, halved cherry tomatoes, tossed with olive oil, sea salt and thyme, are baked on top

Other ingredients typical would be malt (2 or 3%), yeast (up to 1% if using a souring with an extended prove, without the souring up to 1.5%), salt (less than 2% if you are salting the top of the focaccia), and some sort of fat (5 – 10%). In the north of Italy, rendered pork lard is used commonly, and it is a flavour that is particularly suited to the bread. However, given many customers dietary restrictions, the addition of a small amount of olive oil into the mix will be enough. The combination of malt and fat help to colour the bread quickly in the oven, and stops the thin dough drying out too much during the baking. Given the old links between brewing and baking in Europe, the use of malt is also quite authentic in most of our fermented breads. I also add a sour starter to the mix at 30 – 35% of total flour weight.

But it’s also important to fully work the dough during the mixing and to aerate the focaccia dough during the bulk fermentation if this capacity is to be utilized. In a small plant or bakery, where hand skills can be employed, I find that turning the dough in a tray spread with good olive oil, as you would turn puff pastry, helps to introduce more air pockets throughout the dough. Every 40 minutes or so, the dough is very roughly pinned out in the tray, dimpled with the fingertips but not really degassed, then folded upon itself in thirds. The oil helps protect the focaccia dough from the rigors of the stretching. If you get tearing on the dough surface, then use more oil.

To achieve that final open texture in the sheet focaccia, there is one more technique to remember. By stretching the dough into the sheet corners gradually, with short rests in-between handling, small air pockets will also be stretched into long elliptical pockets, which will expand upwards in the oven heat into large holes. Dimple the surface with your fingers while you push the dough out into the tray, but do not go so far as to degass the dough. Rest the dough then stretch it finally into the corners of the sheet. Then let the dough have a short final prove for 15 minutes at a warm temperature (28C+), before baking in a hot (230C) oven, with a little steam, top heat high (7 or 8) and bottom heat low (2 or 3).

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Australia: Melbourne: The Essential Ingredient

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above, a peek inside the sourdough panettone shows good aeration, a rich dark and soft crust, a rich yellow crumb and a scattering of fruit

The Essential Ingredient in Melbourne’s Prahran Market is more than just a retailer, it’s a place which really celebrates the joy to be found in cooking.

Under one roof, you’ll find not only an outstanding selection of cookware, cookbooks and ingredients, but also a cookery school which is really well-equipped and which offers an interesting range of classes for every season, along with staff who seem to have perfectly judged the right balance between offering assistance and leaving you to browse.

Their achievement is simply inspirational, and I was delighted to teach an Italian Baking class there on one of my visits to Melbourne.

Italy was my first inspiration in baking, and the ingredients and methods still hold my fascination and respect. The flavour and texture found in the very best Italian baking, is characterised by its utter clarity and simplicity, and I am yet to find a cook in Italy who doesn’t bake with precision and deliberation.

At Essential Ingredient I was able to teach and demonstrate some of the bread recipes I developed for Giorgio Locatelli’s restaurant Locanda Locatelli here in London, as well as other classic Italian breads and pastries. The class was directed at both home and commercial bakers and restaurant pastry chefs and attracted a range of ages and abilities. Through an intense and hands-on experience, focusing on traditional methods, we made a biga, which we used in making an open-textured stirato Torinese, a focaccia Genovese and a sourdough pannetone; as well as farinata di ceci and crisp amaretti.

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above, the cut top of the sourdough panettone, and you can see the crumb that burst through during baking.

Italian flour, and making a biga

Bakers in Italy often use a type of flour that contains a mixture of imported wheat and local grain to increase the elasticity and resilience in the dough. Italian flour is divided into categories according to the size of the flour particles, with ‘O’ a coarse granulated flour, ‘OO’ (doppio zero) a medium fine flour, and ‘OOO’ a very fine flour for delicate work. Then, within these categories, the miller will produce flour suitable for different uses. So a miller will produce a OO best suited for pasta, as well as another OO best suited for pizza. But they’re not interchangeable, and this is where the confusion and problems arise. Adding a small proportion of strong white flour to a OO pasta flour (the most common Italian flour found around the world) is the best work around.

Generally in Italy, when bakers talk about “a biga” they mean a piece of dough left from the previous day’s baking, much like the French use the term “pâte fermenté” or fermented dough. A common practice used in Italy is to mix the dough very, very tightly – with very little water and a tiny amount of yeast – and allow it to ferment and soften slowly at room temperature overnight.

The following day a small amount of additional flour, a tiny amount of water, malt extract, sometimes lard (strutto) and salt are added, and mixed into a refreshed dough that ferments very quickly. As traditional Italian flour does not produce dough with the elasticity or resilience seen in the strong baker’s flour we are used to, this method protects the available gluten. This is because a tight dough ferments very slowly, therefore placing less stress on the structure of the dough, by constraining the amount of gassing that is possible, and leaving the dough with some elasticity and resilience at the end.

This method can be used with commercial yeast or a leaven (sourdough) process, and is particularly good for the latter as it produces a very lively dough, comparable to a commercially yeasted dough in its gassing power. Similar processes were used throughout Europe up until the late 1800s (in the UK they were called ferment, sponge and dough) but colder countries tended to rely on a batter mixtures as these would have fermented more easily at lower temperatures. At the Melbourne class, we used both a commercially yeasted biga and a leaven-based (sourdough) one for different recipes.

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above, the cut section of sourdough panettone peeled away from the baking paper.

An open-textured stirato Torinese and a focaccia Genovese

Bakers in Italy, like bakers around the world, tend to want to get the most variations possible from the one house dough. A plain white dough made to the method above can be used in different ways, and we used it to make both a type of giant grissini called a stirato Torinese, as well as a bubbly, aerated focaccia Genovese.

Farinata di ceci

Until the early 1900s, food made with fine white wheat flour was something many people in continental Europe only aspired to. It was expensive, and relatively few people could afford it. Other grains and starches were relied upon, and in Italy it was common to find street vendors selling a simple ‘pancake’ that served as a bread snack. In the north of Italy, the two main street foods were the savoury and salty Farinata (made with chick pea flour) and the sweet Castagnaccio (made with chestnuts).

Amaretti

It was a great pleasure to pass on the ‘secret’ to making light, crisp amaretti biscuits at the class (and there will be a recipe elsewhere on this site in due course). Sometimes cornmeal is added, sometimes semolina, but ours were kept plain and simple with just nuts, apricot kernels, egg white and sugar.

Panettone

This was the greatest challenge of the day, and not just for the students ! In Italy, factories dedicated to the manifacture of ‘industrial’ panettone have the process down to a fine art; but replicating this in anything more like a domestic kitchen is more testing. We used a biga I’d started the previous day, made with a leaven (sourdough), enriched with egg yolks and sugar and left overnight to rise, with the final dough topped with up with more eggs, butter, sugar, flour, and fruit. In Italy, panettone is flavoured using a mixture of natural essences (or often artificial ones, combining natural and fake in a relaxed and care-free way). We used natural aromas to create the flavour.

The Essential Ingredient: store and cookery school
Prahran Market, Elizabeth Street, South Yarra 3141 VIC
Telephone: (03) 9827 9047
www.theessentialingredient.com.au
Further stores in Albury, NSW; Canberra, ACT; Newcastle, NSW; Orange, NSW; and Rozelle (Sydney, NSW)

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above, a panettone made with a natural leaven, and without commercial yeast

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